Using diff to create a simple patch. 4 thoughts on “ Introduction: Using diff and patch ” o ghazal says: January 30, 2013 at 12:00 pm. How to create and apply a patch with Subversion. Using Git for creating patches is highly recommended over SVN. How To Create a Patch Using SVN. To create a patch (with the help of SVN). Creating a patch using SVN. If there is a report for the issue your patch fixes, use that, otherwise create a new issue. A patch made with 'svn diff'. How to Create a Patch. Changes to Strasheela files are most suitably provided in the form of patches. You can now create the patch. Using diff and patch – Linux Academy Blog. The commands diff and patch form a powerful combination. They are widely used to get differences between original files and updated files in such a way that other people who only have the original files can turn them into the updated files with just a single patch file that contains only the differences. This tutorial explains the basics of how to use these great commands. Difficulty: Medium. This tutorial assumes some basic Linux and command line knowledge, like changing directories, copying files and editing text files. The most simple way of using diff is getting the differences between two files, an original file and an updated file. You could, for example, write a few words in a normal text file, make some modifications, and then save the modified content to a second file. Then, you could compare these files with diff, like this. You will most probably get an output like this: 1c. These are a few words. No newline at end of file—> These still are just a few words. No newline at end of file. Note: to demonstrate the creation of a simple patch, I used the file originalfile with the content “These are a few words.” and the file updatedfile with the content “These still are just a few words.”. You can create these files yourself if you want to run the commands in the tutorial and get about the same output. The 1c. 1 is a way of indicating line numbers and specifying what should be done. Note that those line numbers can also be line ranges (1. The “c” tells patch to replace the content of the lines. Two other characters with a meaning exist: “a” and “d”, with “a” meaning “add” or “append” and “d” meaning “delete”. The syntax is (line number or range)(c, a or d)(line number or range), although when using “a” or “d”, one of the (line number or range) parts may only contain a single line number. When using “c”, the line numbers left of it are the lines in the original file that should be replaced with text contained in the patch, and the line numbers right of it are the lines the content should be in in the patched version of the file. When using “a”, the line number on the left may only be a single number, meaning where to add the lines in the patched version of the file, and the line numbers right of it are the lines the content should be in in the patched version of the file. When using “d”, the line numbers left of it are the lines that should be deleted to create the patched version of the file, and the line number on the right may only be a single number, telling where the lines would have been in the patched version of the file if they wouldn’t have been deleted. You might think that that last number is redundant, but remember that patches can also be applied in a reverse way. I’ll explain more about that later on in this tutorial. The “< ” means that patch should remove the characters after this sign, and the “> ” means that the characters after this sign should be added. When replacing content (a “c” between the line numbers), you will see both the < and the > sign. When adding content (an “a” between the line numbers), you’ll only see the > sign, and when deleting content (a “d” between the line numbers), only the < sign. The “”, followed by “No newline at end of file”, is only there because I didn’t press enter after typing the words. Generally, it always is good practice to add a final newline to every text file you create. Certain pieces of software can’t do without them. Therefore, the absence of a final newline is reported so explicit by diff. Adding final newlines to the files makes the output a lot shorter: 1c. These are a few words.—> These still are just a few words. As you may have noticed, I omitted explaining what the 3 - . They indicate the end of the lines that should be replaced and the beginning of the lines that should replace them. They separate the old and the new lines. You will only see these when replacing content (a “c” between the line numbers). If we want to create a patch, we should put the output of diff into a file. Of course, you could do this by copying the output from your console and, after pasting it in your favourite text editor, saving the file, but there is a shorter way. We can let bash write diff’s output to a file for us this way. You might like to know that telling bash to write a command’s output to a file using > works with every command. This can be very useful to save to output of a command to a (log) file. Well then, did we just create a patch? The short answer is: yes, we did. We can use the patchfile to change a copy of originalfile to a copy of updatedfile. Of course, it wouldn’t make that much sense to apply the patch on the files we created the patch from. Therefore, copy the original file and the patchfile to an other place, and go to that place. Then, try applying the patch this way. If all went well, the file updatedfile just created by patch should be identical to the one you had at first, when creating the patch with diff. You can check this using diff’s - s option. For example, if the updatedfile you used when creating the patch is located in the parent directory of your current directory, replace “. And of course, also replace the filenames again where appropiate. Congratulations! If diff reported the files to be equal, you just succesfully created and used a patch! However, the patch format we just used is not the only one. In the next chapter, I will explain about an other patch format. In the first chapter, we created a patch using diff’s normal format. This format, however, doesn’t provide any of the lines of context around the ones to be replaced, and therefore, a change in the line numbers (one or more extra newlines somewhere, or some deleted lines) would make it very difficult for the patch program to determine which lines to change instead. Also, if a different file that is being patched by accident contains the same lines as the original file at the right places, patch will happily apply the patchfile’s changes to this file. This could result in broken code and other unwanted side- effects. Fortunately, diff supports other formats than the normal one. Let’s create a patch for the same files, but this time using the context output format. You should get an output like this: *** originalfile 2. These are a few words.— 1 —- ! These still are just a few words. As you can see, the filenames are included. This will save us some typing when applying the patch. The timestamps you can see next to the filenames are the date and time of the last modification of the file. The line with 1. 5 *’s indicates the starting of a hunk. A hunk describes which changes, like replacements, additions and deletions, should be made to a certain block of text. The two numbers 1 are line numbers (again, these can also be line ranges (1. The action to perform is determined by the character in front of the line. The !, as explained, means that the line should be replaced. The other available characters are +, – and ” ” (a space). The + means add (or append), the – means delete, and the ” ” means nothing: patch will only use it as context to be sure it’s modifying the right part of the file. Applying this patch is a bit easier: under the same circumstances as before (let bash write the diff output to a file again, then copy the patchfile and the original file to an other location), you’ll need to run: ? Well, that’s because patch was made with the intention to update existing files in mind, not to create new updated files. This usually comes in handy when patching source trees of programs, which is pretty much the main use of patch. And that brings us to our next subject: to patch a whole source tree, multiple files should included in the patchfile. The next chapter will tell how to do this. The easiest way to get the differences between multiple files is to put them all in a directory and to let diff compare the whole directories. You can just specify directories instead of files, diff will autodetect whether you’re giving it a file or a directory. You can download an archive containing these files here: http: //www. As you can see, the normal output format only specifies filenames when comparing multiple files. You can also see examples of the addition and deletion of lines. Now, let’s have a look at the output of the same comparison in the context format: diff - c originaldirectory/file. This is the first original file.— 1 —- ! This is the first updated file. This is the second original file. SO— 1,4 —- ! This is the second updated file. SO****************** 1. CE– We’re going to add something in this file and to delete this line. SO— 1. 1,1. 6 —- ****************** 2. CE+ This is line has been added to this updated file. Something will be added above this line. The first thing you should notice is increase in length; the context format provides more information than the normal format. This wasn’t that visible in the first example, as there wasn’t any context to include. However, this time there was context, and that surely lenghtens the patch a lot. You might also have noticed that the filenames are mentioned twice every time. This is probably done either to make it easier for patch to recognize when to start patching the next file, or to provide better backwards- compatibility (or both). The other way to let diff compare multiple files is writing a shell script that runs diff multiple times and correctly adds all output to one file, including the lines with the diff commands. I will not tell you how to do this as the other way (putting the files in a directory) is a lot easier and is used widely. Creating this patch with diff was considerably easy, but the use of directories kicks in a new problem: will patch just patch the mentioned files in the current working directory and forget about the directory they were in when creating the patch, or will it patch the files inside the directories specified in the patch? Have a look at the next chapter to find out!
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CST from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, but the lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen tank exploded two days later, crippling the Service Module (SM) upon which the Command Module (CM) depended. Apollo: A Young Engineer’s Perspective. My first job was on the Apollo program. The stress of that responsibility created some worry casualties, however. Despite great hardship caused by limited power, loss of cabin heat, shortage of potable water, and the critical need to make makeshift repairs to the carbon dioxide removal system, the crew returned safely to Earth on April 1. The flight passed the far side of the Moon at an altitude of 2. The mission was commanded by James A. Haise as Lunar Module Pilot. Swigert was a late replacement for the original CM pilot Ken Mattingly, who was grounded by the flight surgeon after exposure to German measles. Contents. Crew. Prime and backup crew. According to the standard crew rotation in place during the Apollo program, the prime crew for Apollo 1. Apollo 1. 0 with Mercury and Gemini veteran L.
BBB's Business Review for Apollo Casualty Insurance, Business Reviews and Ratings for Apollo Casualty Insurance in Des Plaines, IL. He and his fellow astronauts Edward H. Chaffee were killed, becoming the first casualties of the U.S. Apollo program (in space exploration: Interim developments) Grissom. NASA remembers three space tragedies across its 50-year history this week. The Apollo 1 ground test had not been designated as potentially hazardous. Gordon Cooper in command. That crew was composed of. Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, never intended to rotate Cooper and Eisele to another mission, as both were out of favor with NASA management for various reasons (Cooper for his lax attitude towards training, and Eisele for incidents aboard Apollo 7 and an extra- marital affair). He assigned them to the backup crew simply because of a lack of flight- qualified manpower in the Astronaut Office at the time the assignment needed to be made. Despite Eisele's issues with management, Slayton always intended to assign him to a future Apollo Applications Program mission rather than a lunar mission, but this program was eventually cut down to only the Skylab component. Thus, the original assignment Slayton submitted to his superiors for this flight was: For the first time ever, Slayton's recommendation was rejected by management, who felt that Shepard needed more time to train properly for a lunar flight, as he had only recently benefited from experimental surgery to correct an inner ear disorder which had kept him grounded since his first Mercury flight in 1. Thus, Lovell's crew, backup for the historic Apollo 1. Apollo 1. 4, was swapped with Shepard's crew. Seven days before launch, the Backup Lunar Module Pilot, Charlie Duke, contracted rubella from one of his children. This exposed both the prime and backup crews, who trained together. Mattingly was found to be the only one of the other five who had not had rubella as a child and thus was not immune. Three days before launch, at the insistence of the Flight Surgeon, Swigert was moved to the prime crew. It is a widespread, hilly selenological area thought to be composed of ejecta from the impact that formed Mare Imbrium. The next Apollo mission, Apollo 1. Fra Mauro. Abort. April 1. 4, 1. 97. UTC (April 1. 3, 2. CST)Oxygen tank explosion: 0. UTC (5. 5: 5. 4: 5. Ground Elapsed Time). Crew was on board the USS Iwo Jima 4. Mission highlights. Launch and translunar injection. Apollo 1. 3 launches from Kennedy Space Center, April 1. NASA Astronaut Group 3. All of the surviving ten flew in the Apollo program; five also flew. This group also bore the brunt of casualties, with four members dying in the span of three. Investigating Space Tragedies 2. NASA and the Return to Human Spaceflight 3. Astronaut Dick Scobee. They were Ed White, Virgil Grissom. Apollo 1. 3 spacecraft configuration en route to the Moon. The mission was launched at the planned time, 0. PM EST (1. 9: 1. 3: 0. UTC) on April 1. 1. An anomaly occurred when the second- stage, center (inboard) engine shut down about two minutes early. The four outboard engines and the third- stage engine burned longer to compensate, and the vehicle achieved very close to the planned circular 1. The vehicle's guidance system shut the engine down in response to sensed thrust chamber pressure fluctuations. Pogo oscillations had been seen on previous Titan rockets, and also on the Saturn V during Apollo 6. These included addition of a helium- gas reservoir to the center engine liquid oxygen line to damp pressure oscillations, an automatic cutoff as a backup, and simplification of the propellant valves of all five second- stage engines. The crew performed the separation and transposition maneuver to dock the Command Module Odyssey to the Lunar Module (LM) Aquarius, and pulled away from the spent third stage, which ground controllers then sent on a course to impact the Moon in range of a seismometer placed on surface by Apollo 1. They then settled in for the three- day trip to Fra Mauro. Accident. Mission Operations Control Room during Apollo 1. April 1. 3, 1. 97. Astronaut Fred Haise, Jr., Lunar Module Pilot, is seen on the screen. Approaching 5. 6 hours into the mission, Apollo 1. Two minutes later, the astronauts heard a . Communications and telemetry to Earth were lost for 1. S- band antenna used for translunar communications from narrow- beam to wide- beam mode. Oxygen tank 2 immediately read quantity zero. About three minutes later, the number 1 and number 3 fuel cells failed. Lovell reported seeing out the window that the craft was venting . The number 1 oxygen tank quantity gradually reduced to zero over the next 1. SM's oxygen supply. The crew was forced to shut down the CM completely to save this for re- entry, and to power up the LM to use as a . The trajectory shown is at a point much earlier and farther away from the Moon than where the Apollo 1. The damage to the Service Module made safe return from a lunar landing impossible, so Lead Flight Director Gene Kranz ordered an abort of the mission. The existing abort plans, first drawn up in 1. Direct Abort trajectory, which required using the Service Module Propulsion System (SPS) engine to achieve a 6,0. It was desired to keep the Service Module attached for as long as possible because of the thermal protection it afforded the Command Module's heat shield. Apollo 1. 3 was close to entering the lunar sphere of gravitational influence (at 6. GET), which was the break- even point between direct and circumlunar aborts, and the latter allowed more time for evaluation and planning before a major rocket burn. B- 5 There also was concern about . Apollo 1. 3 had left its initial free- return trajectory earlier in the mission, as required for the lunar landing at Fra Mauro. Therefore, the first order of business was to re- establish the free- return trajectory with a 3. DPS. The descent engine was used again two hours after pericynthion, the closest approach to the Moon (. A more aggressive burn could have been performed at PC+2 by first jettisoning the Service Module, returning the crew in about the same amount of time as a direct abort. The 4- minute, 2. Swigert, at right, with the . The developing drama was shown on television. Low power levels made even voice communications difficult. The Lunar Module consumables were intended to sustain two people for a day and a half, not three people for four days. Oxygen was the least critical consumable because the LM carried enough to repressurize the LM after each surface EVA. Unlike the Command/Service Module (CSM), which was powered by fuel cells that produced water as a byproduct, the LM was powered by silver- zinc batteries, so electrical power and water (used for equipment cooling as well as drinking) were critical consumables. To keep the LM life- support and communication systems operational until re- entry, the LM was powered down to the lowest levels possible. In particular, the LM's Abort Guidance System was used for most of the coast back to Earth instead of the primary guidance system, as it used less power and water. The LM's internal stock of Li. OH canisters was not sufficient to support the crew until return, and the remainder was stored in the descent stage, out of reach. The CM had an adequate supply of canisters, but these were incompatible with the LM. Engineers on the ground improvised a way to join the cube- shaped CM canisters to the LM's cylindrical canister- sockets by drawing air through them with a suit return hose. The astronauts called the improvised device . Flight controller John Aaron, with the support of grounded astronaut Mattingly and many engineers and designers, had to invent a new procedure to do this with the ship's limited power supply and time factor. The unpowered CM got so cold that water began to condense on solid surfaces, causing concern that this might short out electrical systems when it was reactivated. This turned out not to be a problem, partly because of the extensive electrical insulation improvements instituted after the Apollo 1 fire. The normal procedure was to use the Service Module's reaction control system (RCS) to pull the CSM away after releasing the LM along with the Command Module's docking ring, but this RCS was inoperative because of the power failure, and the useless SM would be released before the LM. To solve the problem, Grumman called on the engineering expertise of the University of Toronto. A team of six UT engineers, led by senior scientist Bernard Etkin, was formed to solve the problem within a day. The team concluded that pressurizing the tunnel connecting the Lunar Module to the Command Module just before separation would provide the force necessary to push the two modules a safe distance away from each other just prior to re- entry. The team had 6 hours to compute the pressure required, using slide rules. They needed an accurate calculation, as too high a pressure might damage the hatch and its seal, causing the astronauts to burn up; too low a pressure would fail to provide sufficient separation of the LM. Grumman relayed their calculation to NASA, and from there in turn to the astronauts, who used it successfully. It reentered Earth's atmosphere over Fiji and burned up. The crew of Apollo 1. USS Iwo Jima following splashdown. Convert HTML to PDF, HTML to PDF converter. Acrobat DC lets you turn HTML pages into PDF files that look and act like they do when you view and interact with them online. Includes Acrobat DC for your Windows or Mac desktop, the Acrobat Reader mobile app and Adobe Document Cloud services. Requires annual commitment. Includes Acrobat Standard DC for your Windows desktop, the Acrobat Reader mobile app, plus online services. Combine several documents into a single PDF . Adobe Acrobat Reader Help Using Help Using Help . 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